Le droit linguistique et les droits linguistiques

Le droit linguistique, entendu objectivement, est un ensemble de normes juridiques ayant pour objet le statut et l'utilisation d'une ou de plusieurs langues, nommées et innommées, dans un contexte politique donné. Il s'agit d'un droit métajuridique en ce que la langue, qui est le principal outil du droit, devient en l'occurrence à la fois le sujet et l'objet du droit. Il s'agit également d'un droit futuriste en ce qu'il consacre davantage, même si encore plutôt timidement et implicitement, le droit à « la » langue, et donc le droit à la différence. Les droits linguistiques, entendus subjectivement, droits à la fois individuels et collectifs, comprennent le droit à « une » langue (le droit d'utiliser une ou plusieurs langues nommées, notamment dans le champ de l'usage officiel des langues, droit de nature essentiellement historique) et le droit à « la » langue (le droit d'utiliser n'importe quelle langue, notamment dans le champ de l'usage non officiel des langues, droit de nature essentiellement fondamental). Cette distinction, désormais reconnue par la Cour Suprême du Canada, s'inspire des principes de territorialité et de personnalité linguistiques. Enfin, selon que le droit linguistique est considéré d'ordre public ou pas, il vise surtout la langue ou les locuteurs linguistiques. De toute façon, le droit linguistique ne vise en général que la langue-médium (la forme) et non pas la langue-message (le contenu).Language Law, viewed objectively as legal rules on the status and the use of one or more languages, designated or not, within certain political contexts, is a metajuridical and futuristic law. To the extent that language, which is the main tool of the law, becomes both the subject and the object of the law, language law becomes metajuridical law. To the extent that language law recognizes and enshrines the right to « the » language more firmly (and thus the right to be different), albeit sometimes rather timidly and implicitly, it becomes futuristic law, since it is historically significant. Language rights, viewed subjectively, include the right to « one » language (the right to use one or more designated languages in various domains, especially in official domains ; this right is particularly an historical right) and the right to « the » language (the right, of a fundamental nature, to use any language in various domains, especially in unofficial domains). The language rights (recognized from now on by the Supreme Court of Canada) are based respectively on the principle of territoriality and the principe of personality and are both individual and collective rights. Finally, depending on whether language law is of the kind of a public policy law or not, it aims especially the language or especially the language speakers. In any case, language law aims, generally speaking, the language-medium (the form of the linguistic expression) and not the language-message (the content of the linguistic expression)

Quelques considérations sur le droit linguistique

The law of languages truly is new ground for legal thinking and even may be considered futuristic in as much as it is law that recognizes differences among men. In this respect, the Loi sur la langue officielle and the Charte de la langue française of Québec confirm the right to specific linguistic expression in the form of acts that are territorially and materially exhaustive — these laws are outstanding examples for anyone who is interested in comparative law of languages. Nonetheless, the law of languages profoundly touches upon concepts that are of capital social importance : culture, minority language rights and fundamental freedoms. Furthermore, the very object of linguistic legislation which of course is language, is per se an object that hardly lands itself to appropriation either linguistically or legally — and as a basic means for expressing legal thought, language simultanously is the subject and object of law dealing with meta-legal and meta-linguistic concepts. Lastly, there exist in Québec important restrictions of both a structural and operative nature that relate to the interpretation and enforcement of Quebec law on language usage. This is why the legal impact of language laws, in general, and Quebec law, in particular, is of minor importance, whereas the cultural impact is of major concern

Subitizing but not estimation of numerosity requires attentional resources

The numerosity of small numbers of objects, up to about four, can be rapidly appraised without error, a phenomenon known as subitizing. Larger numbers can either be counted, accurately but slowly, or estimated, rapidly but with errors. There has been some debate as to whether subitizing uses the same or different mechanisms than those of higher numerical ranges and whether it requires attentional resources. We measure subjects' accuracy and precision in making rapid judgments of numerosity for target numbers spanning the subitizing and estimation ranges while manipulating the attentional load, both with a spatial dual task and the "attentional blink" dual-task paradigm. The results of both attentional manipulations were similar. In the high-load attentional condition, Weber fractions were similar in the subitizing (2-4) and estimation (5-7) ranges (10-15%). In the low-load and single-task condition, Weber fractions substantially improved in the subitizing range, becoming nearly error-free, while the estimation range was relatively unaffected. The results show that the mechanisms operating over the subitizing and estimation ranges are not identical. We suggest that pre-attentive estimation mechanisms works at all ranges, but in the subitizing range, attentive mechanisms also come into play

Adapting to Climate Change in Reindeer Herding: The Nation-State as Problem and Solution.

This paper discusses the role of nation-states and their systems of gover- nance as sources of barriers and solutions to adaptation to climate change from the point of view of Saami reindeer herders. The Saami, inhabiting the northernmost areas of Fennoscandia, is one of more than twenty ethnic groups in the circumpolar Arctic that base their traditional living on reindeer herding. Climate change is likely to affect the Saami regions severely, with winter temperatures predicted to increase by up to 7 centigrade. We argue that the pastoral practices of the Saami herders are inherently better suited to handle huge natural variation in climatic con- ditions than most other cultures. Indeed, the core of their pastoral practices and herding knowledge is skillful adaptation to unusually frequent and rapid change and variability. This paper argues that the key to handle permanent changes successfully is that herders themselves have sufficient degrees of freedom to act. Considering the similarities in herding practices in the fours nation-states between which Saami culture is now divided . Norway, Sweden, Finland, and Russia . the systems of governance are surprisingly different. Indeed, the very definition of what is required to be defined as an ethnic Saami is very different in the three Nordic countries. We argue that timely adjust- ments modifying the structures of governance will be key to the survival of the Saami reindeer herding culture. Since the differences in governance regimes . and the need to change national governance structures . are so central to our argument, we spend some time tracing the origins of these systems.

Application of Hydrogen Selective Membranes to IGCC

AbstractThis study considers the integration of Pd-based H2-selective membranes in integrated gasifier combined cycles (IGCC) from both technical and economical point of view. The selected gasification system is based on Shell technology. Two different dry feeding systems are investigated: the first is a state-of-the- art nitrogen-based lock hopper charger while the second uses CO2 as pressurization gas. The net electric efficiency of the two plants is evaluated as a function of the hydrogen recovery factor (HRF) and the membrane feed pressure in order to minimize the membrane surface area. 90% HRF and 54bar feed pressure are the best operating parameters which correspond to a net electric efficiency of 39% both for N2 and CO2 feeding system. The cost of CO2 avoided is calculated as a function of a parameter named MI which represents the membrane development in terms of performances and costs. Results show that an improvement of membrane technology is necessary to match the state-of-the-art CO2 capture plant, even though membranes show good potentiality for cost abatement

Challenges And Factors Associated With Poor Glycemic Control Among Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients At Nekemte Referral Hospital, Western Ethiopia.

Background: Diabetes is increasing at an alarming rate throughout the world, and ~80% of diabetics live in developing countries. Similar to the rest of sub-Saharan African countries, Ethiopia is experiencing a significant burden of diabetes, with increased prevalence, complications, and mortality, as well as life threatening disabilities. Reasons for poor glycemic control among type 2 diabetes patients are complex and multivariable. Hence, this study aimed to identify challenges and factors associated with poor glycemic control among type 2 diabetes patients. Method: A hospital-based cross-sectional study was conducted among type 2 diabetic patients attending the diabetic clinic of Nekemte Referral Hospital (NRH) from February 1 to April 30, 2018. Fasting blood glucose levels of the last three clinic visits were obtained and the mean fasting blood glucose measurement was used to determine the level of glycemic control. Analysis included both descriptive and inferential statistics with SPSS version 20.0. Predictor variable P10 years) (AOR=3.94, 95% CI=1.51-27.83, P=0.012), inadequate physical exercise (AOR=3.19, 95% CI=1.05-19.84, P=0.019), and smoking (AOR=4.51, 95% CI=0.00-0.50, P=0.022) were independent predictors of poor glycemic control on multivariable logistic regression analysis. Conclusion: Nearly two-thirds of patients had poorly controlled diabetes. Age, exercise, level of education, duration of the treatment, and smoking were significantly associated with poor glycemic control. Health facilities should provide continuous education, and barriers of glycemic control should be explored with further research

Meat quality of Kuruma prawn (Marsupenaeus japonicus): preliminary evaluation

Among the peneids, Marsupenaeus japonicus, a cold-temperate species, carnivorous, is the mostly cultured prawn in Italy and in the Mediterranean Sea basin, thanks to the good adaptability to the temperature and salinity variations, to the good resistance to the manipulations (better resistance out of water), to its appreciate nourishing qualities and to the good growth rate (Lumare, 1998).Whereas the literature on cultured fish fillet is rich (Gjedrem, 1997; Lanari et al., 1999; Parisi et al., 2003), few are the information about the shrimp meat quality traits.Therefore, the present work aimed at typifying the variations of the meat quality characteristics in shrimps from semi-intensive (supplemented with an artificial diet) or extensive rearing systems